NATURA
- Jul 6
- 6 min read

The Science of Bias

Updated: Jul 19

I will explain the concept of cognitive biases that humans instinctively possess. ✨✨✨✨

Cognitive biases refer to the errors in decision-making that humans instinctively avoid or desire. 🌻🌻🌻🌻

Humans make some sort of behavioral choice every day while living. Sometimes they make rational decisions and sometimes irrational ones. Although they are not aware of it, cognitive biases are actually at work unconsciously, causing them to avoid originally efficient decisions or actions. ☀️☀️

However, since cognitive biases are instinctive, even if one is aware of them, it is extremely difficult to avoid them. 😂😂

For example, what would you think if you saw a person with numerous piercings and tattoos all over their body? ✨✨

Some people might think, "They seem like they’re up to no good," or "Are they scary?" But in reality, that's a bias. What if that person, despite their flashy appearance, is the CEO of a company and a super successful entrepreneur earning 100 million yen annually? 😂

Your initial thought would probably change, right? That's the idea. 🌻🌻

As I mentioned at the beginning, there are many cognitive biases, and it’s impossible to suppress all of them. However, by studying them, you can recognize cognitive biases in your life and live without being swayed by unnecessary biases. 🌻🌻

This time, I've listed some well-known cognitive biases below, so please take a look if you’re interested. ✨✨🌈🌈

[Confirmation Bias]: The tendency to prioritize, interpret, and remember information that supports one’s beliefs or hypotheses.

[Anchoring Effect]: The tendency to rely heavily on the first piece of information (the anchor) when making judgments.

[Hindsight Bias]: The tendency to see events as having been predictable after they have already occurred.

[Availability Heuristic]: The tendency to judge the probability of events based on how easily examples come to mind.

[Representativeness Heuristic]: The tendency to overestimate the probability of an event based on how much it represents typical features.

[Framing Effect]: The tendency for people’s decisions to be influenced by how information is presented.

[Bandwagon Effect]: The tendency to do or believe things because many other people do or believe the same.

[Conservatism Bias]: The tendency to avoid changing one's beliefs despite new information.

[Optimism Bias]: The tendency to be overly optimistic about future events.

[Self-serving Bias]: The tendency to attribute successes to personal ability and effort, while attributing failures to external factors.

[Choice-supportive Bias]: The tendency to overvalue one’s choices and undervalue rejected options.

[Bias Blind Spot]: The tendency to see oneself as less biased than others.

[Counterfactual Thinking]: The tendency to think about what could have happened, but didn’t.

[Shared Information Bias]: The tendency for group members to focus on shared information while ignoring unique information.

[Normalcy Bias]: The tendency to believe that things will always function the way they normally have, even in the face of imminent disaster.

[Myopic Loss Aversion]: The tendency to focus on short-term losses over long-term gains.

[False Consensus Effect]: The tendency to overestimate how much others agree with our beliefs.

[Affect Heuristic]: The tendency to rely too heavily on immediate feelings when making decisions.

[External Attribution Bias]: The tendency to attribute external factors to outcomes more than internal factors.

[Planning Fallacy]: The tendency to underestimate the time it will take to complete a task.

[Authority Bias]: The tendency to overvalue the opinions of an authority figure.

[Affect Heuristic]: The tendency to make decisions based on emotions.

[Cognitive Dissonance]: The tendency to experience discomfort when holding two conflicting cognitions, leading to an effort to reduce the inconsistency.

[Loss Aversion]: The tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.

[Status Quo Bias]: The tendency to prefer the current state of affairs.

[Sunk Cost Fallacy]: The tendency to continue an endeavor due to previously invested resources.

[Self-fulfilling Prophecy]: The tendency for a prediction to come true because it is expected.

[Projection Bias]: The tendency to assume others think the same way as oneself.

[Scarcity Bias]: The tendency to place higher value on items that are perceived as scarce.

[Status Quo Bias]: The tendency to favor maintaining the current situation.

[Expectation Bias]: The tendency to interpret information in a way that fits one’s expectations.

[Inductive Bias]: The tendency to generalize based on experience or observation.

[Distribution Bias]: The tendency to misinterpret the shape or characteristics of a distribution.

[Simplicity Bias]: The tendency to oversimplify complex issues.

[Action Bias]: The tendency to prefer action over inaction, especially in uncertain situations.

[Risk Aversion Bias]: The tendency to prefer safe options over riskier ones.

[Outcome Bias]: The tendency to judge a decision based on its outcome rather than on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.

[Consistency Bias]: The tendency to align one’s past behavior and beliefs with current actions.

[Attribute Substitution Bias]: The tendency to replace a complex problem with a simpler one.

[Authority Bias]: The tendency to give more weight to the opinion of an authority figure.

[Focus Effect]: The tendency to focus too heavily on certain aspects of information.

[Experience Avoidance Bias]: The tendency to avoid unpleasant experiences or emotions.

[Recognition Heuristic]: The tendency to prioritize recognizable information.

[Principle of Consistency]: The tendency to maintain consistency with past actions or beliefs.

[Novelty Bias]: The tendency to overvalue new information or experiences.

[False Consensus Effect]: The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our views.

[Partisanship Bias]: The tendency to support the views of one’s own group.

[Overconfidence Bias]: The tendency to be excessively confident in one’s own abilities or judgments.

[Expectation Bias]: The tendency to interpret information based on one’s expectations.

I have written about some well-known cognitive biases. ✨✨

What did you think? 🌻🌻

I bought and read books on cognitive biases, and studying them has been extremely helpful. Life has become easier. Studying cognitive biases was very beneficial. ✨✨

Thank you for reading. ✨✨

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